######################################################################## # BGN/PCGN 1956 System # # This system was adopted by the BGN in 1946 and by the PCGN # in 1956 and has been applied in the systematic romanization # of geographic names in Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, # Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, # Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, all # of which has been covered by published BGN engineers. # # Prepared by Michael Everson <everson@evertype.com> ######################################################################## # # MINIMAL FILTER: Arabic-Latin # :: [ءآابةتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغفقكلمنهوىيًٌٍَُِّْ٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩ٱ] ; :: NFD (NFC) ; # ######################################################################## ######################################################################## # # Define All Transformation Variables # ######################################################################## # $alef = ’; $ayin = ‘; # # Use this $wordBoundary until bug 2034 is fixed in ICU: # http://bugs.icu-project.org/cgi-bin/icu-bugs/transliterate?id=2034;expression=boundary;user=guest # $wordBoundary = [^[:L:][:M:][:N:]] ; # ######################################################################## ######################################################################## # # Rules moved to front to avoid masking # ######################################################################## ######################################################################## # # BGN Page 8 Rule 5 # # The character sequences ت , كه , ته , and سه may be romanized t·h, k·h, # d·h, and s·h in order to differentiate those romanizations from the # digraphs th, kh, dh, and sh. # ######################################################################## # ته → t·h ; # ARABIC LETTER TEH + HEH كه → k·h ; # ARABIC LETTER KAF + HEH ده → d·h ; # ARABIC LETTER DAL + HEH سه → s·h ; # ARABIC LETTER SEEN + HEH # ######################################################################## # # End Rule 5 # ######################################################################## ######################################################################## # # BGN Page 8 Rule 9 # # Doubles consonant sounds are represented in Arabic script by placing # a shaddah ( ّ ) over a consonant character. In romanization the letter # should be doubled. [The remainder of this rule deals with the definite # article and is lexical.] # ######################################################################## # بّ → bb ; # ARABIC LETTER BEH + SHADDA تّ → tt ; # ARABIC LETTER TEH + SHADDA ثّ → thth ; # ARABIC LETTER THEH + SHADDA جّ → jj ; # ARABIC LETTER JEEM + SHADDA حّ → ḥḥ ; # ARABIC LETTER HAH + SHADDA خّ → khkh ; # ARABIC LETTER KHAH + SHADDA دّ → dd ; # ARABIC LETTER DAL + SHADDA ذّ → dhdh ; # ARABIC LETTER THAL + SHADDA رّ → rr ; # ARABIC LETTER REH + SHADDA زّ → zz ; # ARABIC LETTER ZAIN + SHADDA سّ → ss ; # ARABIC LETTER SEEN + SHADDA شّ → shsh ; # ARABIC LETTER SHEEN + SHADDA صّ → ṣṣ ; # ARABIC LETTER SAD + SHADDA ضّ → ḍḍ ; # ARABIC LETTER DAD + SHADDA طّ → ṭṭ ; # ARABIC LETTER TAH + SHADDA ظّ → ẓẓ ; # ARABIC LETTER ZAH + SHADDA عّ → $ayin $ayin ; # ARABIC LETTER AIN + SHADDA غّ → ghgh ; # ARABIC LETTER GHAIN + SHADDA فّ → ff ; # ARABIC LETTER FEH + SHADDA قّ → qq ; # ARABIC LETTER QAF + SHADDA كّ → kk ; # ARABIC LETTER KAF + SHADDA لّ → ll ; # ARABIC LETTER LAM + SHADDA مّ → mm ; # ARABIC LETTER MEEM + SHADDA نّ → nn ; # ARABIC LETTER NOON + SHADDA هّ → hh ; # ARABIC LETTER HEH + SHADDA وّ → ww ; # ARABIC LETTER WAW + SHADDA ىّ → yy ; # ARABIC LETTER YEH + SHADDA # ######################################################################## # # End Rule 9 # ######################################################################## ######################################################################## # # Start of Transformations # ######################################################################## # $wordBoundary{ء → ; # ARABIC LETTER HAMZA ء → $alef ; # ARABIC LETTER HAMZA $wordBoundary{ا → ; # ARABIC LETTER ALEF ٱ → $alef ; # ARABIC LETTER ALEF WASLA $wordBoundary{آ → ā ; # ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE آ → $alef ā ; # ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE ب → b ; # ARABIC LETTER BEH ت → t ; # ARABIC LETTER TEH ة → h ; # ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA ث → th ; # ARABIC LETTER THEH ج → j ; # ARABIC LETTER JEEM ح → ḩ ; # ARABIC LETTER HAH خ → kh ; # ARABIC LETTER KHAH د → d ; # ARABIC LETTER DAL ذ → dh ; # ARABIC LETTER THAL ر → r ; # ARABIC LETTER REH ز → z ; # ARABIC LETTER ZAIN س → s ; # ARABIC LETTER SEEN ش → sh ; # ARABIC LETTER SHEEN ص → ş ; # ARABIC LETTER SAD ض → ḑ ; # ARABIC LETTER DAD ط → ţ ; # ARABIC LETTER TAH ظ → z̧ ; # ARABIC LETTER ZAH ع → $ayin ; # ARABIC LETTER AIN غ → gh ; # ARABIC LETTER GHAIN ف → f ; # ARABIC LETTER FEH ق → q ; # ARABIC LETTER QAF ك → k ; # ARABIC LETTER KAF ل → l ; # ARABIC LETTER LAM م → m ; # ARABIC LETTER MEEM ن → n ; # ARABIC LETTER NOON ه → h ; # ARABIC LETTER HEH و → w ; # ARABIC LETTER WAW ى → y ; # ARABIC LETTER YEH َا → ā ; # ARABIC FATHA + ALEF َى → á ; # ARABIC FATHA + ALEF MAKSURA َيْ → ay ; # ARABIC FATHA + YEH + SUKUN َوْ → aw ; # ARABIC FATHA + WAW + SUKUN َ → a ; # ARABIC FATHA ِي → ī ; # ARABIC KASRA + YEH ِ → i ; # ARABIC KASRA ُو → ū ; # ARABIC DAMMA + WAW ُ → u ; # ARABIC DAMMA ْ → ; # ARABIC SUKUN ً → aⁿ ; # ARABIC FATHATAN ٍ → iⁿ ; # ARABIC KASRATAN ٌ → uⁿ ; # ARABIC DAMMATAN ٠ → 0 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ١ → 1 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٢ → 2 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٣ → 3 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٤ → 4 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٥ → 5 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٦ → 6 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٧ → 7 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٨ → 8 ; # ARABIC DIGIT ٩ → 9 ; # ARABIC DIGIT # ########################################################################