A clarification of the work "generally"; I realize that what
constitutes a vowel is heavily language-dependent. For example, "y",
as has been pointed out, is a vowel in some languages, a consonant in
others, and both (sometimes a vowel and sometimes a consonant) in
others (e.g. English, Spanish).
What I need is just a rough list based on modern usage. For any
particular language that varied from the base list, a delta list would
be required.
Mark
(BTW, I don't understand why you should feel 'guilty' ;-)
__________
http://www.macchiato.com
◄ “Eppur si muove” ►
----- Original Message -----
From: "Marco Cimarosti" <marco.cimarosti@essetre.it>
To: "'Mark Davis'" <mark@macchiato.com>; "Unicode"
<unicode@unicode.org>; "Unicore" <unicore@unicode.org>
Sent: Monday, September 09, 2002 02:43
Subject: RE: Latin vowels?
Mark Davis wrote:
> I need to get a list of Latin characters that are generally
considered
> vowels. I partitioned the characters as in the list below, but there
> are lots of oddball ones for which I can only guess (LATIN CAPITAL
> LETTER OU? LATIN LETTER WYNN?...).
>
> http://www.macchiato.com/unicode/latin_vowels.html
Er... Is something I should feel guilty about?
Anyway, here are a few comments:
1. List "Vowels" - probably not vowels:
U+00AA # (ª) FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR
U+00BA # (º) MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR
U+2071 # (ⁱ) SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER I
U+212B # (Å) ANGSTROM SIGN
I would classify all of these as symbols or punctuation.
2. List "Vowels" - ambiguous letters that can be consonants:
U+0049 # (I) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I
U+0069 # (i) LATIN SMALL LETTER I
U+0075 # (u) LATIN SMALL LETTER U
U+FF29 # (Ｉ) FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I
U+FF49 # (ｉ) FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER I
U+FF55 # (ｕ) FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER U
I would treat all these as vowels, although I know a few rare
exceptions:
- In Latin, i and u were also used to represent consonants /j/ and /v/
(originally, /w/). This ambiguity is still partly present in modern
languages, especially for i.
- Notice that capital U is not listed, because it is a new form of V,
invented in the 16th century precisely for the purpose of
distinguishing
the vowel and the consonantal sounds.
3. List "Nonvowels" - definitely vowels:
U+00DD # (Ý) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
U+00FD # (ý) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
U+00FF # (ÿ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
U+0131 # (ı) LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I
U+0132 # (IJ) LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE IJ
U+0133 # (ij) LATIN SMALL LIGATURE IJ
U+0176 # (Ŷ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+0177 # (ŷ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+0178 # (Ÿ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
U+0233 # (ȳ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH MACRON
U+1E38 # (Ḹ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E39 # (ḹ) LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E5C # (Ṝ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E5D # (ṝ) LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW AND MACRON
U+1E80 # (Ẁ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH GRAVE
U+1E81 # (ẁ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH GRAVE
U+1E82 # (Ẃ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH ACUTE
U+1E83 # (ẃ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH ACUTE
U+1E84 # (Ẅ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS
U+1E85 # (ẅ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS
U+1EF2 # (Ỳ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE
U+1EF3 # (ỳ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE
U+1EF8 # (Ỹ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE
U+1EF9 # (ỹ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE
I see little or no possibility that these are consonants.
- The macron on L and R with dot below makes clear that they are used
as
"sonants", i.e. a kind of vowels.
- W and Y with typical vowel diacritics are almost certainly vowels.
4. List "Nonvowels" - ambiguous letters that are probably vowels:
U+0059 # (Y) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y
U+0079 # (y) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
U+0174 # (Ŵ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+0175 # (ŵ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+01B2 # (Ʋ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH HOOK
U+01B3 # (Ƴ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH HOOK
U+01B4 # (ƴ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK
U+0281 # (ʁ) LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R
U+028B # (ʋ) LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH HOOK
U+028D # (ʍ) LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W
U+1E36 # (Ḷ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E37 # (ḷ) LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E42 # (Ṃ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E43 # (ṃ) LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E46 # (Ṇ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E47 # (ṇ) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E5A # (Ṛ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E5B # (ṛ) LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E86 # (Ẇ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E87 # (ẇ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E88 # (Ẉ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E89 # (ẉ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DOT BELOW
U+1E8E # (Ẏ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E8F # (ẏ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT ABOVE
U+1E98 # (ẘ) LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH RING ABOVE
U+1E99 # (ẙ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH RING ABOVE
U+1E9A # (ẚ) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING
U+1EF4 # (Ỵ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EF5 # (ỵ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DOT BELOW
U+1EF6 # (Ỷ) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE
U+1EF7 # (ỷ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH HOOK ABOVE
U+FF39 # (Ｙ) FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y
U+FF59 # (ｙ) FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
I would consider all these as vowels, although I know there is much
room for
errors:
- Y is historically a vowel, and it still is mainly a vowel in all
languages
using it (including English and French: "système", "quickly"). In
English
and French, however, it can be a consonant (e.g., "yes"). In
orthographies
derived from English-based romanizations (e.g., Pinyin), it is always
a
consonant.
- L, M, N and R with dot below are normally used to indicate
"sonants"; but
they could be something else.
- Most instances of W and Y with diacritics are vowels.
5. List "Nonvowels" - ambiguous cases:
U+004A # (J) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J
U+0056 # (V) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V
U+0057 # (W) LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W
U+006A # (j) LATIN SMALL LETTER J
U+0076 # (v) LATIN SMALL LETTER V
U+0077 # (w) LATIN SMALL LETTER W
U+FB01 # (fi) LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI
U+FB03 # (ffi) LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFI
U+FF2A # (Ｊ) FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J
U+FF36 # (Ｖ) FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V
U+FF37 # (Ｗ) FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W
U+FF4A # (ｊ) FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER J
U+FF56 # (ｖ) FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER V
U+FF57 # (ｗ) FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER W
I would treat all these as vowels, although I know a few rare
exceptions.
Apart Welsh W, all other exceptions are very rare:
- J is normally a consonant, but it originally was a font variant of
I. In
ancient texts in many languages, and in some rare Italian proper
names, it
can still stand for vowel /i/.
- In Latin, V was originally used for vowel /u/. This usage can still
be
found occasionally in Latin quotations, especially from French or
German
authors. Notice: the value /u/ is much less likely for lowercase v.
- W is a vowel in Welsh.
- Ligatures <fi> and <ffi> contain consonant(s) and a vowel.
_ Marco
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