IPA Extensions

IPA extensions

IPA includes basic Latin letters and a number of Latin or Greek letters from other blocks.
  →00E6 æ latin small letter ae
  →00E7 ç latin small letter c with cedilla
  →00F0 ð latin small letter eth
  →00F8 ø latin small letter o with stroke
  →0127 ħ latin small letter h with stroke
  →014B ŋ latin small letter eng
  →0153 œ latin small ligature oe
  →03B2 β greek small letter beta
  →03B8 θ greek small letter theta
  →03BB λ greek small letter lamda
  →03C7 χ greek small letter chi
Many of the IPA characters in this block are also used in significant orthographies, such as those for African languages.
0250 ɐ Latin Small Letter Turned A
  •low central unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is 2C6F Ɐ
  ↑2C6F Ɐ latin capital letter turned a
0251 ɑ Latin Small Letter Alpha
  =latin small letter script a (1.0)
  •low back unrounded vowel
  •the representative glyph appears like an allograph of Latin "a", but sometimes the character is rendered more like a Greek "α"
  •uppercase is 2C6D Ɑ
  →03B1 α greek small letter alpha
  ↑2C6D Ɑ latin capital letter alpha
0252 ɒ Latin Small Letter Turned Alpha
  •low back rounded vowel
  •uppercase is 2C70 Ɒ
  →AB64 ꭤ latin small letter inverted alpha
  ↑2C70 Ɒ latin capital letter turned alpha
0253 ɓ Latin Small Letter B With Hook
  •implosive bilabial stop
  •uppercase is 0181 Ɓ
  →0431 б cyrillic small letter be
  ↑0181 Ɓ latin capital letter b with hook
0254 ɔ Latin Small Letter Open O
  •typographically a turned c
  •lower-mid back rounded vowel
  •in older Danish usage "ɔ:" stands for "that is"
  •uppercase is 0186 Ɔ
  →1D10 ᴐ latin letter small capital open o
  →2184 ↄ latin small letter reversed c
  ↑0186 Ɔ latin capital letter open o
0255 ɕ Latin Small Letter C With Curl
  •voiceless alveolo-palatal laminal fricative
  •used in transcription of Mandarin Chinese
  •sound spelled with 015B ś in Polish
0256 ɖ Latin Small Letter D With Tail
  =d retroflex hook
  •voiced retroflex stop
  •uppercase is 0189 Ɖ
  ↑0189 Ɖ latin capital letter african d
0257 ɗ Latin Small Letter D With Hook
  •implosive dental or alveolar stop
  •Ewe, Pan-Nigerian alphabet
  •uppercase is 018A Ɗ
  ↑018A Ɗ latin capital letter d with hook
0258 ɘ Latin Small Letter Reversed E
  •upper-mid central unrounded vowel
0259 ə Latin Small Letter Schwa
  •mid-central unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is 018F Ə
  •variant uppercase form 018E Ǝ is associated with 01DD ǝ
  →01DD ǝ latin small letter turned e
  →04D9 ә cyrillic small letter schwa
  ↑018F Ə latin capital letter schwa
025A ɚ Latin Small Letter Schwa With Hook
  •rhotacized schwa
025B ɛ Latin Small Letter Open E
  =epsilon
  •lower-mid front unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is 0190 Ɛ
  →03B5 ε greek small letter epsilon
  →0511 ԑ cyrillic small letter reversed ze
  ↑0190 Ɛ latin capital letter open e
025C ɜ Latin Small Letter Reversed Open E
  =reversed epsilon
  •lower-mid central unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is A7AB Ɜ
  →0437 з cyrillic small letter ze
  →1D08 ᴈ latin small letter turned open e
  ↑A7AB Ɜ latin capital letter reversed open e
025D ɝ Latin Small Letter Reversed Open E With Hook
  •rhotacized lower-mid central vowel
025E ɞ Latin Small Letter Closed Reversed Open E
  =closed reversed epsilon
  •lower-mid central rounded vowel
  →029A ʚ latin small letter closed open e
025F ɟ Latin Small Letter Dotless J With Stroke
  •voiced palatal stop
  •typographically a turned f, but better thought of as a form of j
  •"gy" in Hungarian orthography
  •also archaic phonetic for palatoalveolar affricate 02A4 ʤ
0260 ɠ Latin Small Letter G With Hook
  •implosive velar stop
  •uppercase is 0193 Ɠ
  ↑0193 Ɠ latin capital letter g with hook
0261 ɡ Latin Small Letter Script G
  •voiced velar stop
  •uppercase is A7AC Ɡ
  →0067 g latin small letter g
  →210A ℊ script small g
  ↑A7AC Ɡ latin capital letter script g
0262 ɢ Latin Letter Small Capital G
  •voiced uvular stop
0263 ɣ Latin Small Letter Gamma
  •voiced velar fricative
  •uppercase is 0194 Ɣ
  →03B3 γ greek small letter gamma
  ↑0194 Ɣ latin capital letter gamma
0264 ɤ Latin Small Letter Rams Horn
  =latin small letter baby gamma (1.0)
  •upper-mid back unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is A7CB Ɤ
  ↑A7CB Ɤ latin capital letter rams horn
0265 ɥ Latin Small Letter Turned H
  •voiced rounded palatal approximant
  •uppercase is A78D Ɥ
  ↑A78D Ɥ latin capital letter turned h
0266 ɦ Latin Small Letter H With Hook
  •breathy-voiced glottal fricative
  •uppercase is A7AA Ɦ
  •uppercase in Nawdm is 0124 Ĥ
  →02B1 ʱ modifier letter small h with hook
  ↑A7AA Ɦ latin capital letter h with hook
0267 ɧ Latin Small Letter Heng With Hook
  •voiceless coarticulated velar and palatoalveolar fricative
  •"sj" in some Swedish dialects
  →A727 ꜧ latin small letter heng
0268 ɨ Latin Small Letter I With Stroke
  =barred i, i bar
  •high central unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is 0197 Ɨ
  •ISO 6438 搸 gives lowercase of 0197 Ɨ as 026A ɪ, not 0268 ɨ
  →1D7B ᵻ latin small capital letter i with stroke
  ↑0197 Ɨ latin capital letter i with stroke
0269 ɩ Latin Small Letter Iota
  •semi-high front unrounded vowel
  •obsoleted by IPA in 1989
  •preferred use is 026A ɪ latin letter small capital i
  •uppercase is 0196 Ɩ
  →0131 ı latin small letter dotless i
  →03B9 ι greek small letter iota
  →A647 ꙇ cyrillic small letter iota
  →1D6A4 𝚤 mathematical italic small dotless i
  ↑0196 Ɩ latin capital letter iota
026A ɪ Latin Letter Small Capital I
  •semi-high front unrounded vowel
  •preferred IPA alternate for 0269 ɩ
  •uppercase is A7AE Ɪ
  •ISO 6438 搸 gives this as lowercase of 0197 Ɨ instead of 0268 ɨ
  •glyph should have top and bottom serifs even in sans serif IPA font designs, to avoid confusion with lowercase l
  →0131 ı latin small letter dotless i
  ↑A7AE Ɪ latin capital letter small capital i
026B ɫ Latin Small Letter L With Middle Tilde
  •velarized voiced alveolar lateral approximant
  •uppercase is 2C62 Ɫ
  →0142 ł latin small letter l with stroke
  →AB37 ꬷ latin small letter l with inverted lazy s
  →AB38 ꬸ latin small letter l with double middle tilde
  ↑2C62 Ɫ latin capital letter l with middle tilde
026C ɬ Latin Small Letter L With Belt
  •voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
  •uppercase is A7AD Ɬ
  →019A ƚ latin small letter l with bar
  ↑A7AD Ɬ latin capital letter l with belt
026D ɭ Latin Small Letter L With Retroflex Hook
  •voiced retroflex lateral
  →A78E ꞎ latin small letter l with retroflex hook and belt
026E ɮ Latin Small Letter Lezh
  •voiced lateral fricative
  •"dhl" in Zulu orthography
026F ɯ Latin Small Letter Turned M
  •high back unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is 019C Ɯ
  →A7FA ꟺ latin letter small capital turned m
  ↑019C Ɯ latin capital letter turned m
0270 ɰ Latin Small Letter Turned M With Long Leg
  •voiced velar approximant
0271 ɱ Latin Small Letter M With Hook
  •voiced labiodental nasal
  •uppercase is 2C6E Ɱ
  →1D86 ᶆ latin small letter m with palatal hook
  ↑2C6E Ɱ latin capital letter m with hook
0272 ɲ Latin Small Letter N With Left Hook
  •voiced palatal nasal
  •uppercase is 019D Ɲ
  ↑019D Ɲ latin capital letter n with left hook
0273 ɳ Latin Small Letter N With Retroflex Hook
  •voiced retroflex nasal
0274 ɴ Latin Letter Small Capital N
  •voiced uvular nasal
0275 ɵ Latin Small Letter Barred O
  =o bar
  •rounded mid-central vowel, i.e. rounded schwa
  •uppercase is 019F Ɵ
  →03B8 θ greek small letter theta
  →0473 ѳ cyrillic small letter fita
  →04E9 ө cyrillic small letter barred o
  ↑019F Ɵ latin capital letter o with middle tilde
0276 ɶ Latin Letter Small Capital Oe
  •low front rounded vowel
  →0153 œ latin small ligature oe
0277 ɷ Latin Small Letter Closed Omega
  •near-close near-back rounded vowel
  •obsoleted by IPA in 1989
  •preferred use is 028A ʊ latin small letter upsilon
  →A7B7 ꞷ latin small letter omega
  →AB65 ꭥ greek letter small capital omega
0278 ɸ Latin Small Letter Phi
  •voiceless bilabial fricative
  •this is a non-casing letter
  →03C6 φ greek small letter phi
  →03D5 ϕ greek phi symbol
  →2C77 ⱷ latin small letter tailless phi
0279 ɹ Latin Small Letter Turned R
  •voiced alveolar approximant
  →02B4 ʴ modifier letter small turned r
027A ɺ Latin Small Letter Turned R With Long Leg
  •voiced lateral flap
027B ɻ Latin Small Letter Turned R With Hook
  •voiced retroflex approximant
  →02B5 ʵ modifier letter small turned r with hook
027C ɼ Latin Small Letter R With Long Leg
  •voiced strident apico-alveolar trill
  •obsoleted by IPA in 1989
  •this sound is spelled with 0159 ř in Czech
  •preferred phonetic representation for Czech is 0072 r 031D ◌̝
  •in current use in Gaelic types (as glyph variant of 0072 r)
  →A783 ꞃ latin small letter insular r
  →A785 ꞅ latin small letter insular s
027D ɽ Latin Small Letter R With Tail
  •voiced retroflex flap
  •uppercase is 2C64 Ɽ
  →2C79 ⱹ latin small letter turned r with tail
  ↑2C64 Ɽ latin capital letter r with tail
027E ɾ Latin Small Letter R With Fishhook
  •voiced alveolar flap or tap
  →017F ſ latin small letter long s

Sinological extension

Sinologists working on Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages often use some characters originally adapted by Karlgren from the Swedish Landsmålsalfabetet for the representation of apical vowels. 027F and 0285 are derived from straight and tailed versions of the italic (dotless) long i in that notation, but over time took on their own identity. The character names are misleading.
027F ɿ Latin Small Letter Reversed R With Fishhook
  =long i with left hook
  =long leg turned iota (a misnomer)
  •apical dental vowel
  •IPA spelling - 007A z 0329 ◌̩
  •this character is not actually a reversed 027E ɾ
  •preferred presentation is with a descender

IPA extensions

0280 ʀ Latin Letter Small Capital R
  •voiced uvular trill
  •Germanic, Old Norse
  •uppercase is 01A6 Ʀ
  ↑01A6 Ʀ latin letter yr
0281 ʁ Latin Letter Small Capital Inverted R
  •voiced uvular fricative or approximant
  →02B6 ʶ modifier letter small capital inverted r
0282 ʂ Latin Small Letter S With Hook
  •voiceless retroflex fricative
  •uppercase is A7C5 Ʂ
  ↑A7C5 Ʂ latin capital letter s with hook
0283 ʃ Latin Small Letter Esh
  •voiceless postalveolar fricative
  •uppercase is 01A9 Ʃ
  →222B ∫ integral
  →AB4D ꭍ latin small letter baseline esh
  ↑01A9 Ʃ latin capital letter esh
0284 ʄ Latin Small Letter Dotless J With Stroke And Hook
  •implosive palatal stop
  •typographically based on 025F ɟ, not on 0283 ʃ

Sinological extension

The tail on this character ultimately derived from the hooked terminal stroke of an italic (dotless) long i, but its use for an apical retroflex vowel has led to reanalysis as a retroflex hook.
0285 ʅ Latin Small Letter Squat Reversed Esh
  =long i with left hook and tail
  •apical retroflex vowel
  •IPA spelling - 0290 ʐ 0329 ◌̩
  •this character is not actually a reversed esh
  •preferred presentation is with a descender

IPA extensions

0286 ʆ Latin Small Letter Esh With Curl
  •palatalized voiceless postalveolar fricative
  •suggested spelling - 0283 ʃ 02B2 ʲ
0287 ʇ Latin Small Letter Turned T
  •dental click (sound of "tsk tsk")
  •uppercase is A7B1 Ʇ
  →01C0 ǀ latin letter dental click
  ↑A7B1 Ʇ latin capital letter turned t
0288 ʈ Latin Small Letter T With Retroflex Hook
  •voiceless retroflex stop
  •uppercase is 01AE Ʈ
  →01AD ƭ latin small letter t with hook
  →1DF09 𝼉 latin small letter t with hook and retroflex hook
  ↑01AE Ʈ latin capital letter t with retroflex hook
0289 ʉ Latin Small Letter U Bar
  •high central rounded vowel
  •uppercase is 0244 Ʉ
  →1D7E ᵾ latin small capital letter u with stroke
  ↑0244 Ʉ latin capital letter u bar
028A ʊ Latin Small Letter Upsilon
  •near-close near-back rounded vowel
  •typographically, a turned Greek small capital omega AB65 ꭥ
  •preferred IPA alternate to 0277 ɷ
  •uppercase is 01B1 Ʊ
  →03C5 υ greek small letter upsilon
  ↑01B1 Ʊ latin capital letter upsilon
028B ʋ Latin Small Letter V With Hook
  =latin small letter script v (1.0)
  •voiced labiodental approximant
  •uppercase is 01B2 Ʋ
  →03C5 υ greek small letter upsilon
  ↑01B2 Ʋ latin capital letter v with hook
028C ʌ Latin Small Letter Turned V
  =caret, wedge
  •lower-mid back unrounded vowel
  •uppercase is 0245 Ʌ
  →039B Λ greek capital letter lamda
  →1D27 ᴧ greek letter small capital lamda
  →2227 ∧ logical and
  ↑0245 Ʌ latin capital letter turned v
028D ʍ Latin Small Letter Turned W
  •voiceless rounded labiovelar approximant
  →AB69 ꭩ modifier letter small turned w
028E ʎ Latin Small Letter Turned Y
  •voiced lateral approximant
028F ʏ Latin Letter Small Capital Y
  •semi-high front rounded vowel
0290 ʐ Latin Small Letter Z With Retroflex Hook
  •voiced retroflex fricative
0291 ʑ Latin Small Letter Z With Curl
  •voiced alveolo-palatal laminal fricative
  •sound spelled with 017A ź in Polish
0292 ʒ Latin Small Letter Ezh
  =dram sign
  •voiced postalveolar fricative
  •mistakenly named yogh in Unicode 1.0
  •uppercase is 01B7 Ʒ
  •Skolt Sami
  →021D ȝ latin small letter yogh
  →04E1 ӡ cyrillic small letter abkhasian dze
  →2125 ℥ ounce sign
  →1F772 🝲 alchemical symbol for half dram
  →2CF01 𬼁
  ↑01B7 Ʒ latin capital letter ezh
0293 ʓ Latin Small Letter Ezh With Curl
  •palatalized voiced postalveolar fricative
0294 ʔ Latin Letter Glottal Stop
  •this is a caseless letter
  •used in IPA, other phonetic notations, and those orthographies which use a caseless glottal stop
  →0241 Ɂ latin capital letter glottal stop
  →02C0 ˀ modifier letter glottal stop
0295 ʕ Latin Letter Pharyngeal Voiced Fricative
  =reversed glottal stop
  •voiced pharyngeal fricative
  •ain
  →01B9 ƹ latin small letter ezh reversed
  →02C1 ˁ modifier letter reversed glottal stop
  →A7CF ꟏ latin small letter pharyngeal voiced fricative
0296 ʖ Latin Letter Inverted Glottal Stop
  •lateral click
  →01C1 ǁ latin letter lateral click
0297 ʗ Latin Letter Stretched C
  •palatal (or alveolar) click
  →01C3 ǃ latin letter retroflex click
  →2201 ∁ complement
0298 ʘ Latin Letter Bilabial Click
  =bullseye
  •this is a non-casing letter
  →2299 ⊙ circled dot operator
  →A668 Ꙩ cyrillic capital letter monocular o
0299 ʙ Latin Letter Small Capital B
  •bilabial trill
  →0432 в cyrillic small letter ve
029A ʚ Latin Small Letter Closed Open E
  =closed epsilon
  •lower-mid front rounded vowel
  •non-IPA alternate for the preferred 0153 œ
  →025E ɞ latin small letter closed reversed open e
029B ʛ Latin Letter Small Capital G With Hook
  •voiced uvular implosive
029C ʜ Latin Letter Small Capital H
  •voiceless epiglottal fricative
  →043D н cyrillic small letter en
  →1D34 ᴴ modifier letter capital h
  →A7F8 ꟸ modifier letter capital h with stroke
029D ʝ Latin Small Letter J With Crossed-Tail
  •voiced palatal fricative
  •uppercase is A7B2 Ʝ
  ↑A7B2 Ʝ latin capital letter j with crossed-tail
029E ʞ Latin Small Letter Turned K
  •proposed for velar click
  •uppercase is A7B0 Ʞ
  •withdrawn by IPA in 1970
  →1DF10 𝼐 latin letter small capital turned k
  ↑A7B0 Ʞ latin capital letter turned k
029F ʟ Latin Letter Small Capital L
  •velar lateral approximant
02A0 ʠ Latin Small Letter Q With Hook
  •voiceless uvular implosive
02A1 ʡ Latin Letter Glottal Stop With Stroke
  •voiced epiglottal stop
02A2 ʢ Latin Letter Reversed Glottal Stop With Stroke
  •voiced epiglottal fricative
02A3 ʣ Latin Small Letter Dz Digraph
  •voiced dental affricate
  →AB66 ꭦ latin small letter dz digraph with retroflex hook
02A4 ʤ Latin Small Letter Dezh Digraph
  •voiced postalveolar affricate
02A5 ʥ Latin Small Letter Dz Digraph With Curl
  •voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
02A6 ʦ Latin Small Letter Ts Digraph
  •voiceless dental affricate
  →01BE ƾ latin letter inverted glottal stop with stroke
  →AB67 ꭧ latin small letter ts digraph with retroflex hook
02A7 ʧ Latin Small Letter Tesh Digraph
  •voiceless postalveolar affricate
  →A729 ꜩ latin small letter tz
02A8 ʨ Latin Small Letter Tc Digraph With Curl
  •voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

IPA characters for disordered speech

02A9 ʩ Latin Small Letter Feng Digraph
  •velopharyngeal fricative
02AA ʪ Latin Small Letter Ls Digraph
  •lateral alveolar fricative (lisp)
02AB ʫ Latin Small Letter Lz Digraph
  •voiced lateral alveolar fricative
02AC ʬ Latin Letter Bilabial Percussive
  •audible lip smack
02AD ʭ Latin Letter Bidental Percussive
  •audible teeth gnashing

Sinological extensions

These characters are derived from straight and tailed versions of the italic turned h in the Swedish Landsmålsalfabetet, but over time took on their own identity.
02AE ʮ Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook
  =turned h with left hook
  •labialized apical dental vowel
02AF ʯ Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook And Tail
  =turned h with left hook and tail
  •labialized apical retroflex vowel

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